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Book Review (Bottom of the Pyramid, The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics)

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The Fortune at the

Bottom of the Pyramid

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid

Chapter 1: The Bottom of the Pyramid

Learning Expectations:

· I would like to learn more about C.K. Prahalad’s point of view about some of the three basic assumptions about the Bottom of the Pyramid.

· I would like to learn about The Power of Dominant Logic.

· I would like to know why the poor are brand-conscious and extremely value-conscious by necessity.

Quotes:

“The adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by the United Nations only underscores that reality; as we enter the 21^st century, poverty – and the disenfranchisement that accompanies it – remains one of the world’s most daunting problems. .”

“The collaboration between the poor, civil society organizations, governments, and large firms can create the largest and fastest growing markets in the world..”

“The Dominant assumption is that the poor have no purchasing power and therefore do not represent a viable market.”

Review:

C.K. Prahalad said, “...large firms and multinational corporations (MNCs) that may have undermined the efforts of the poor to build their livelihoods, the greatest harm they might have done to the poor is to ignore them altogether.” I totally agree about this because this people are also consuming goods for them to survive. The multinational company must also consider the bottom of the pyramid consumers because majority of the markets are from the bottom of the pyramid. The bottom of the pyramid needs to consume in order for them to survive. So disregarding this people as a market will be hard for them to survive. This market has no choice but to buy the cheapest product so the business man or woman must be creative as what the book said for the product that will be able to sell will be cheaper and more usable for the market of the bottom of the pyramid.

The second point C.K. Prahalad was trying to say that the Bottom of the Pyramid provides a new growth opportunity for the private sector and a forum for innovations. Old and tired solutions cannot create markets at the bottom. I truly agree on this because the mindsets of the marketers are always setting the Bottom of the Pyramid aside because their mindset is that those people do not have money and the marketers think if they sell their products to those people who are on the top of the pyramid thinks that they will sell enough product and gain sales from them. The marketers nowadays have not been thinking out of the box when it comes to selling their product to the Bottom of the Pyramid.

Third, C.K. Prahalad is trying to point out is that the Bottom of the Pyramid must become an integral part of the work of the private sector. They must become part of the firms’ core businesses; they cannot merely be relegated to the realm of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Prahalad is trying to say that the main thrust of your business should be the Bottom of the Pyramid. It should be the one who that pumps up your business. it must not be the focus of Corporate Social Responsibility.

Things Learned:

I have learned that the Bottom of the Pyramid are anyhow value conscious because they think that if they buy an expensive product they are expecting great things from that product, like the quality and lifespan.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid

Chapter 2: Products and Services for The Bottom of the Pyramid

Learning Expectations:

· I would like to know more and I expect to know more on how the Twelve Principles of Innovation apply for Bottom of the Pyramid Markets.

Quote:

“The Bottom of the Pyramid, as a market, will challenge the dominant logic of the Multinational Company managers (the beliefs and values that managers serving the developed markets have been socialized with).”

“Innovation in the Bottom of the Pyramid markets can reverse the flow of concepts, ideas, and methods.”

Review:

Addressing the market opportunity at the Bottom of the Pyramid requires that we start with a radically new understanding of the price-performance relationship compared to that currently employed in developed markets. This is not about lowering prices. It is about altering the price-performance envelope. By understanding the Markets at the Bottom of the Pyramid, we must think of something not by just lowering the prices or promoting something that will benefit the company. The Multinational Companies must also rethink the approach to their markets. It is about the Markets at the Bottom of the Pyramid and not about what the Multinational Companies will benefit from them. Like what C.K. Prahalad said it is not about lowering prices but making the prices at the Bottom of the Pyramid Markets accessible base on their community they are into.

The Bottom of the Pyramid market opportunity cannot be satisfied by watered-down versions of traditional technology solutions from the developed markets. The Bottom of the Pyramid market can and must be addressed by the most advanced technologies creatively combines with existing (and evolving) infrastructure. I completely agree on what Mr. C.K. Prahalad said that the technologies nowadays are available and cheap to consider it to make it available to the Market of the Bottom of the Pyramid. The technologies are available for use, the only solution for the problem is that how will the Multinational Companies be able to create something that can be easily be adopt by the Bottom of the Pyramid Market and be able to use it as an alternative for supplying the needs of the said Markets.

The poor as a market are 5 billion strong. This means that solutions that we develop cannot be based on the same patterns of resource use that we expect to use in developed countries. Solutions must be sustainable and ecologically friendly. Like what C.K. Prahalad said, the technologies that are being offered today are cheap and available for the use. We just need to see Multinational companies to step up and lead the way in doing things for ecological benefit. For multinational companies, they have the money to be able to create a product that will be able to cater to the Market of the Bottom of the Pyramid that is also ecological friendly. The Multinational Companies must do start from them in making concerns about the ecosystem and be able to educate the Markets at the Bottom of the Pyramid by example.

Things Learned:

I have learned that the technology nowadays do cater to the illiterate market of the Bottom of the Pyramid. This only means that the Companies or Multinational companies are doing a great job in innovating things to offer to the Bottom of the Pyramid Markets. I also learned that there are things that must be done by the Multinational Companies about their packaging because it is being the source of waste and distraction to our ecosystem.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid

Chapter 3: Bottom of the Pyramid: A Global Opportunity

Learning Expectations:

I would like to know more and I expect to know more about Meebo and what does it really do to us. How it started and who invented it. I would like to learn more about the use of it to our latest technologies. I would also like to know the contributions of Seth Sternberg to our latest technologies.

Quotes:

“The traditional approach of many Multinational Companies

is to start from the business models honed in the developed

markets-the top of the pyramid and their zone of comfort.”

“The Bottom of the Pyramid can be a source of innovations for not only products

and processes, but business models as well.”

“The most interesting lesson for Multinational Companies

from operating in the Bottom of the Pyramid

marketis about costs – for innovation, distribution, manufacturing,

and general “costs of organization.”

Review:

Local growth opportunities. The Multinational Companies must be able to foresee about the things that change so quickly at the Bottom of the Pyramid market. As what we have seen from the previous chapter, the Bottom of the Pyramid has a large factor in creating a new product. They, which is the Bottom of the Pyramid market, are the source of innovations of multinational companies. The Multinational Companies must be sensitive in their community they are into. Understanding the community they are into is a pretty big factor for the growth of the economy. The Multinational Companies must be able to adjust to the markets capability because they are the source of the growth and large margins of incomes.

Local Innovations and Global Opportunity. I do believe on this one. Like what Mr. C.K. Prahalad wrote on the book about the salt that was micro encapsulated. For me, the way I see it people at the Bottom of the Pyramid’s conditions are the same in the other country. The only question that will be raise is that which condition is the harsh one? The only difference is that how will they market the product given the fact that every rural area in every country has different style of selling their products. We may also consider the culture of their barangays, like in the Philippines, or the tribe of other countries.

Things Learned:

I have learned that understanding the needs of the community will help you think in different way. If the companies think on how they will sell their products, they will end up nowhere but if they think on how they will help their consumers is a different perspective. Innovation will come up and providing needs are more important than making money.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid

Chapter 4: Bottom of the Pyramid:

The Ecosystem for Wealth Creation

Learning Expectations:

Quotes:

“The traditional approach of many Multinational Companies

is to start from the business models honed in the developed

markets-the top of the pyramid and their zone of comfort.”

“The Bottom of the Pyramid can be a source of innovations for not only products

and processes, but business models as well.”

“The most interesting lesson for Multinational Companies

from operating in the Bottom of the Pyramid

marketis about costs – for innovation, distribution, manufacturing,

and general “costs of organization.”

Review:

Things Learned:

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid

Chapter 5: Bottom of the Pyramid: Reducing Corruption:

Transaction Governance Capacity

Learning Expectations:

I would like to know more on how will the government in reducing corruption in transaction governance capacity.

Quotes:

“The capacity to facilitate commercial transactions

through a system of laws fairly enforced is

critical to the development of the private sector.”

“Assets cannot become capital unless the country

guarantees a rule of law-primarily the law of

contracts-whereby the ownership of assets is clear;

and because of clear legal tile, these assets can be sold,

bought mortgaged, or converted into other assets..”

Review:

Are the poor poor? This is the question that has been asked. There are basics assumptions at the core of thinking on poverty reduction and developmental assistance during the past 30 years.

First, poor counties are poor because they lack resources. Aid was, therefore, seen as a substitute for locally generated resources.

For me, I think that countries are not poor they just do not know how to handle their resources well. They do not focus on their strength and make money for it.

Second, aid from rich countries to the governments of the poor countries for specific projects (typically infrastructure) would reduce poverty.

I think that there are a lot of things that can be given to the accepting aid of poor countries aside from infrastructure. The poor country can ask for livelihood projects, Infrastructure is not bad but I think that there are a lot of things that can be seen aside from infrastructure the way I see it.

Third, investments in education and health care might have the largest multipliers per dollar of investment in economic development. Therefore, aid must be skewed to these sectors.

In my own opinion, people need education and also they need health care. Both of these aspects are very important because companies will be attracted to invest in our country. Educated people are very competent in terms of skills and knowledge because they have been trained well.

Transaction government policy is the capacity of a society to guarantee transparency in the process of economic transactions and the ability to enforce commercial contracts.

With this kind of transaction, investors will be able to have a good insight that investing in this country is good because they know that they have guarantee that there will be minimal or no corruption in enforcing commercial contracts.

Things Learned:

I have learned about the three basic assumptions in poverty reduction and developmental assistance. I also learned that these are not the only things that can help reduce the poverty level. I found out that Transaction government policy is the best way to attract investors in countries for them to have an assurance of the contract will be followed.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid

Chapter 6: Bottom of the Pyramid:

Development as Social Transaction

Learning Expectations:

I would like to know about the Development and Social Transformation.

Quotes:

“When the poor at the Bottom Of the Pyramid

are treated as consumers, they can reap the benefits

of respect, choice, and self-esteem and have an opportunity

to climb out of the poverty trap.”

“The capabilities to solve the perennial problem of poverty

through profitable businesses at the Bottom of the Pyramid

are now available to most nation, as we have illustrated .

However, converting the poor into a market will require innovations.”

Review:

When creating a developmental as social transformation, it must be something that will made transitions to the Bottom of the Pyramid Markets.

First, as demonstrated that the Bottom of the Pyramid-the poor- can be a market.

I think that this is true. Why? Because Bottom of the Pyramid markets are also brand conscious and wants something that are worth to spend for as long as the quality and the product will last.

Second, once we accept the Bottom Of the Pyramid as a market, the only way to serve that market is to innovate. The Bottom of the Pyramid demands a range of innovations in products and services, business models, and management processes.

In my opinion, I do agree that the moment we accept the Bottom Of the Pyramid as a market .meaning understanding them and knowing their needs, because of that the Multinational Companies were able to create product that will fit for their Bottom of the Pyramid markets. That is why understanding the market specially the Bottom of the Pyramid is a vital part before selling things to them.

Third, these innovations must be accompanies by increased Transaction Government Capacity, making the government accountable to the citizens and making it accessible and transparent. Market-based ecosystems can also facilitate the process of making transparency, access, and respect for commercial contracts a way of life.

In this point, Mr. Prahalad says that the government must take the responsibility in whatever happens to the citizens and the company is responsible to the government. Another thing is that having transparent contracts and transaction must not be a choice; it should be a way of life what Mr. Prahalad is trying to point out. The business must be run with trust and loyalty.

Things Learned:

I learned that business has a social transformation to its surrounding. When this happened there will be a significant profitable growth.

The Handbook of Information

and Computer Ethics

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Book Review: Foundations of Information Ethics

Chapter 1:

Quote:

Socrates already argued that a moral agent is naturally interested in gaining as much valuable information as the circumstances require, and that a well-informed agent is more likely to do the right thing. The ensuing “ethical intellectualism” analyzes evil and morally wrong behavior as the outcome of deficient information.

Learning Expectation:

I expect to learn the different foundation of Information Ethics and how this can help a person be more ethical.

Book Review:

Foundations of Information Ethics, is what this chapter talks about. Information Ethics as described by Wikipedia, is the field that investigates the ethical issues arising from the development and application of information technologies. It provides a critical framework for considering moral issues concerning informational privacy, moral agency (e.g. whether artificial agents may be moral), new environmental issues (especially how agents should one behave in the infosphere), problems arising from the life-cycle (creation, collection, recording, distribution, processing, etc.) of information (especially ownership and copyright, digital divide). Information Ethics is related to the fields of computer ethics and the philosophy of information. In other words, Information Ethics is a base or a source for the Information Technology industry. This provides an I.T. Professional the knowledge of ethicality in his or her works.

This chapter also conversed about the RPT model or the Resource Product Target Model. It includes 3 important components, the Info-source, the Info product and the Info target. Info-source is basically the source of information. The Info-product handles or covers the moral issues that arise. And lastly, the Info-target of Information environment examines the world of hacking, thus other forms of security.

What I learned:

I learned that Information Ethics is the basis Ethics is a basis for the Information Technology industry. This tells an I.T. Professional on what to do and if it is ethical to do it. I also learned that the RPT model has 3 stages namely the Info-resource, Info-product and the Info-target.

Integrative Question:

· What does Information Ethic mean?

· What is the RPT Model?

· What does Info-resource mean?

· What does Info-product mean?

· What does Info-target mean?

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Book Review: Milestone in the History of Information and Computer Ethics

Chapter 2

Quote:

Wiener realized that the new science and technology that he and his colleagues were creating would have “enormous potential for good and for evil.” He predicted that, after the war, the new information technology would dramatically change the world just as much as the Industrial Revolution had done in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Wiener predicted a “second industrial revolution,” an “automatic age,” that would generate a staggering number of new ethical challenges and opportunities.

Learning Expectation:

I expect to learn the milestone in the history of Information and Computer Ethics and how relevant this is in the book. I want to know if how important to know the history of Information and Computer Ethics. I also want to know if this will benefit the Information Technology Industry.

Book Review:

According to the article given, Information Ethics started in the middle of the Second World War which said to have happened unexpectedly and roughly almost an accident. Norbert Weiner, collaborated with his fellow scientists to produce an anti-aircraft cannon that could possibly spot an aircraft and eliminate it at the same time. This made Wiener, consider the positive and negative probabilities in making his design. Given that ethics is the study of distinguishing something from good or bad, it gave him and his colleagues an idea that the anti-aircraft cannon they are constructing has a potential of either be of good or of evil. Weiner, together with his colleagues produced two books that talk about the social and ethical impacts of the new information technologies. Little did he know that he has established the foundations of information ethics and cyber ethics?

What I Learned:

I learned that Norbert Wiener created the Information Ethics during the Second World War. I also learned that it was an accident because they were creating this so-called anti-aircraft cannon that would allow eliminating an enemy’s aircraft and from that thing, the Information Ethics was born.

Integrative Questions:

· Who created Information Ethics?

· What triggered Norbert Wiener to create it?

· When was it created?

· Was Norbert Weiner aware that he was able to the foundations of Information and Cyber Ethics?

· What can the anti-aircraft cannon do?

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Book Review: Milestone in the History of Information and Computer Ethics

Chapter 3

Quote:

I think the way we ought to proceed in the ethics of IT is not very different from the way we ought to proceed in other departments of ethics of technology and engineering1, although there are certainly differences between the moral problems occasioned by different types of technology and there are certainly specific properties of computers that need to be accommodated in our moral thinking about them.

Learning Expectation:

I expect to learn the meaning of moral methodology and the deeper meaning of Information Technology.

Book Review:

This chapter talks about cyber ethics. It gave us the description that Cyber Ethics is a form of applied or practical ethics. Moral questions that are associated with the development, application and use of computers and computer science fall under the study of Cyber Ethics. Many other areas of applied and professional ethics, the increasing interest among professionals, public policy makes, and academic philosopher in real-life ethical questions are among what computer ethics exemplifies. From what I understood, Cyber Ethics is a study wherein it focuses on the moral questions of computer professionals.

This chapter helps us understand that there is always a conflict between using the computer. Either it will bring you good or it will bring you bad. A good thing that computers are able to service you with is, it helps people speed up their workloads and come up with a quality output through the application installed in it. It has the World Wide Web application which we all know is very accommodating for everyone since it has a world wide coverage of everything you want to know under the sun. If the computer brings us positive things as to how it makes our lives easier, it also brings us bad things, negative things that could sometimes result to a very appalling situation among us users. People nowadays use the computer to mingle with other people’s files. It may also infringe something, and it is often used nowadays to steal and copy works or data. This is where Cyber Ethics comes in, it informs and educates the users as to what is good and beneficial, to what is bad and harmful.

What I learned:

I learned that the computer is not purely to help a person out. It has also its negative side. I also learned that a computer now a days is not just for hastening things up but sometimes for illegal stuff which could harm people as well. I also learned that Cyber Ethics deals with this kind of problem.

Integrative Questions:

· What is the definition of Cyber Ethics?

· Does this help solve the problem between determining whether the function of a computer is for the good or not?

· What is the study of moral questions that are associated with the development, application, and use of computers and computer science?

· What is generalism?

· What is PACS?

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Book Review: Value Sensitive Design and Information Systems

Chapter 4

Quote:

What is wrong, I think, is that we have permitted technological metaphors . . . and technique itself to so thoroughly pervade our thought processes that we have finally abdicated to technology the very duty to formulate questions. . .. Where a simple man might ask: “Do we need these things?”, technology asks “what electronic wizardry will make them safe?” Where a simple man will ask “is it good?”, technology asks “will it work?”

Learning Expectation:

I expect to learn what a value sensitive design is and how it helps the Information Technology industry.

Book Review:

This chapter begins talking and explaining about what a Value Sensitive Design is. According to the book, A Value Sensitive Design, or VSD, is a theoretically grounded approach to the design of technology that accounts for human values in a principled and comprehensive manner throughout the design process. It employs an integrative and interactive tripartite methodology, consisting of conceptual, empirical, and technical investigations. In other words, VSD or Value Sensitive Design helps out a person to distinguish its human values based on the approach given by the VSD. This Value Sensitive Design came up with 3 case studies. The first study handles and controls the information and web browser cookies. It verifies whether the information passes or not. The second study recommend using high-definition plasma or what we all know as a television set or a computer to have us picture out or envision what reality is. And lastly, environmental simulation systems are used in this study, in order to be precise and exact in coming up with big decisions which involves land and other environmental issues. With these, it implies fairness, accountability, etc.

I therefore conclude that a Value Sensitive Design or VSD is a tool which helps promote the betterment of a nation. This may help places to become more peaceful, well organize and less chaotic.

What I learned:

I learned that a Value Sensitive Design is a tool which helps promote the betterment of a nation. This may help places to become more peaceful and well-organize. I also learned that it has three case studies which each case has its unique suggestion.

Integrative Question:

· What does VSD stand for?

· What does a VSD do?

· Does it help make a place better?

· How many case studies does VSD have?

· What does value mean?

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Book Review: Personality-Based, Rule-Utilitarian, and Lockean Justifications of Intellectual Property

Chapter 5

Quote:

The bundle of rights conferred on patents owners are the right to make, the right to use, the right to sell, and the right to authorize others to sell the patented item. Moreover, the bundle of rights conferred by a patent exclude others from making, using, or selling the invention regardless of independent creation.

Learning Expectation:

I expect to learn what Personality-Based, Rule-Utilitarian, and Lockean Justifications of Intellectual Property mean.

Book Review:

Intellectual Property, this is what this chapter aims for us to understand. According to the text given, Intellectual property is generally characterized as nonphysical property that is the product of cognitive processes and whose value is based upon some idea or collection of ideas. Typically, rights do not surround the abstract nonphysical entity, or res, of intellectual property; rather, intellectual property rights surround the control of physical manifestations or expressions. Systems of intellectual property protect rights to ideas by protecting rights to produce and control physical embodiments of those ideas. In other words, Intellectual Property is not a thing we can grasp but an insubstantial benefit that was given to us. As stated in Wikipedia, it is a legal property right which is created by the mind, both artistic and commercial, and the corresponding fields of law. It generally means mind, mentality, knowledge, everything in the mind. Literature, music, ideas, inventions, discoveries are some examples of intangible benefits that no one could grasp and get a hold of.

Another part of the chapter discusses about Property Right. According to Wikipedia, Property Right is a right given to a property owner wherein he/she can consume, sell, rent, mortgage, transfer and exchange his or her property. Knowing one’s rights is vital to be treated fairly and may live in justice.

What I Learned:

I learned that Intellectual Property is not a tangible thing that we can hold on to. Like what Wikipedia said, it is created by the mind. I also learned that Property Right is a right given to a property owner wherein he/she can consume, sell, rent, mortgage, transfer and exchange his or her property.

Integrative Questions:

· What is Intellectual Property?

· What is Property Right?

· Is Intellectual Property just a state of mind?

· Is Property Right important for us readers to know about it?

· How important is it?

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Book Review: Informational Privacy: Concepts, Theories, and Controversies

Chapter 6

Quote:

We demand recognition of our right to privacy, we complain when privacy is invaded, yet we encounter difficulties immediately [when] we seek to explain what we mean by privacy, what is the area, the content of privacy, what is outside that area, what constitutes a loss of privacy, a loss to which we have consented, a justified loss, an unjustified loss.

—H.J. McCloskey (1985, p. 343)

Learning Expectation:

I expect to learn what the different concepts, theories and controversies of Informational and how important it is to know these things.

Book Review:

This chapter informs us about privacy and how it should properly be dealt with by explaining the real concept of privacy for us readers to further understand. . According to H,J, McCloskey, the concept of privacy is that people demand the right to privacy but we do not exactly know what privacy is. We are not sure if our privacy is being invaded or not with the simple reason of us not knowing what privacy truly is. That is my understanding of what McCloskey stated above. Entailed with the concept of privacy McCloskey wants us to understand is the 4 distinct kinds of privacy; the physical, decisional, psychological and informational privacy. According to an article written by Samuel Warren and Louis Bradeis, Physical Privacy is defined as the freedom a person enjoys from sensory intrusion, which is “achieved thanks to restrictions on others, ability to have bodily interactions with (that person).” It means physical privacy pertains to the physical aspects which fundamentally includes our senses. The next would be the Decisional privacy. Floridi defines Decisional privacy as a freedom from procedural interference, achieved thanks to the exclusion of others from decisions (concerning, e.g., education, health care, career, work, marriage, faith)”. This means that a person enjoys everything that concerns the examples given above. The third one is the Psychological privacy. Coining it from the word “Psychological” it clearly means it involves the mind, it focuses on the mental side of you. Lastly, Informational privacy, According to Floridi, it is defined as “freedom from epistemic interference” that is achieved when there is a restriction on “facts” about someone that are “unknown.”

What I learned:

I learned that privacy has its 4 distinct kind namely Physical privacy, Decisional privacy, Psychological privacy and lastly, Informational Privacy.

Integrative Questions:

· What is the concept of Privacy?

· What is Physical privacy?

· What is Decisional privacy?

· What is Psychological privacy?

· What is Informational privacy?

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Book Review: Online Anonymity

Chapter 7

Internet Reference: http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599

Quote:

One is the thought that anonymity could be the byproduct of sheer size as when one is among a throng of people who don’t know one another. The other is the thought that anonymity could be the byproduct of complex social organization, where society is organized such that one’s social locations are dispersed and not necessarily connected with one another; for example, one’s work environment may be disconnected from or not overlapped with one’s familial locations.

Learning Expectation:

I expect to learn what Online Anonymity is. I also expect to learn that it is somehow related to privacy since I think that anonymity is closely related to privacy.

Book Review:

Anonymity, this is what this chapter talks about. For further understanding we need to clarify the definition. According to Wikipedia, Anonymity is derived from the Greek word ανωνυμία, meaning "without a name" or "namelessness". In colloquial use, the term typically refers to a person, and often means that the personal identity or personally identifiable information of that person is not known. In layman’s terms, anonymity is simply described as someone unknown.

This chapter argues whether Anonymity is right or wrong. We all know and it is basically written, that there are things which make Anonymity a good thing but there are also things which could cause bad things to arise. Stating an example of a problem that was also written, is the problem the technology world faces nowadays, unsure of whether this anonymous person will do good or be harmful to them.

What is beneficial from Anonymity is the privacy you have. You can do all sorts of things without anyone knowing it is you. With that, with the power of doing anything you want is also what would cause impairment and mischief among the people you would want to victimize. Anonymity would serve as an instrument for people to do harmful things without getting caught.

What I learned:

What I learned from this chapter is how the importance of Anonymity. I also learned that Anonymity has its positive side and its negative side.

Integrative Question:

· What is Anonymity?

· Is it related to Privacy?

· Why is it related to Privacy?

· Does Anonymity have its good side?

· Does Anonymity have its bad side?

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Book Review: Ethical Issues Involving Computer Security: Hacking, Hacktivism, and Counterhacking

Chapter 8

Internet Reference: http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599

Quote:

At first glance, it might seem obvious that hacking is wrong. Although the more malicious of these acts involve serious wrongs because of the harm they cause, all are wrong because they constitute a digital trespass onto the property of another person. Unauthorized entry into some other person’s computer seems not relevantly different than uninvited entry onto the land of another person. Real trespass is morally wrong, regardless of whether it results in harm, because it violates the owner’s property right to control the uses to which her land is put and hence to exclude other people from its use.

Learning Expectation:

I expect to learn how hacking became ethical. I want to know the good side if it because what I know now is that, hacking is really wrong.

Book Review:

In complete honesty, I was amazed when I read this chapter. We all know that the nature of hacking is illegal and it is on a very bad light since its basically stealing or interfering with another person’s work. But after reading and got the chance to further understand this topic, I found out that it is not completely unethical to hack unless the purpose and intention of doing so will benefit other people as well.

We know some people and we pretty much heard it on the news about people hacking government systems to shut down traffic, to transfer money to another bank account, attaining data from government systems for the use of terrorism and such. This only shows that no matter how big or small your computers are, it is not impossible for someone to hack into your system. It may either be as big as the government’s or as small as an ordinary citizen.

But as I said, hacking has a positive side. The knowledge of hacking could be used in a good way. A way that could save a lot of people’s lives, maybe even a nation’s existence. A perfect example for this was when the United States hacked the information system of North Korea in order to stop a ballistic missile from hitting Alaska which will kill thousands of people and wipe out a nation.

What I learned:

I learned that it is not purely wrong to be a hacker because there are stuff we can benefit from hacking.

Integrative Questions:

· Is hacking purely wrong?

· Are their things that we could benefit from hacking?

· Do other people think hacking is bad?

· What is hacking?

· What is hacktivism?

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Book Review: Information Ethics and the Library Profession

Chapter 9

Internet Reference: http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599

Quote:

Libraries as organized depositories of documents have existed at least from the time of the Sumerians (Fourie and Dowell, 2002, pp. 15–16). Librarianship as a distinct profession, however, is relatively a recent development. With the advent of the printing press, collections of works became larger and more complex, thus creating a greater need for someone devoted to organizing and cataloging such collections. Even then, those who collected, organized, and preserved books and other documents were

Scholars and their activities as “librarians” were not distinct from their scholarly work. Not until the nineteenth century did librarianship become a separate profession (Gilbert (1994), p. 383).

Learning Expectation:

I expect to learn what a library profession is and the profound meaning of information ethics. I want to know how important both are.

Book Review:

This chapter talks about Information Ethics. It starts off by pointing out that the issues that are being tackled here will not really benefit library professions such as librarians and big libraries, but other information provider. According to the article, examples of information providers are Google, Yahoo, Ask, Wikipedia, Encarta, Altavista and a whole lot more.

From my understanding of this chapter, these information providers may do good and may do bad as well, just like the previous topics we talked about (anti-aircraft cannon, hacking… etc.) Evidently they do well since they provide us precise and accurate information we ask of them. These information providers are also one of the many reasons why computers and the World Wide Web help us hasten our workload because of the immediate availability of information we get with just one click. Unfortunately, not all information handed out by these providers is precise and accurate as we think. Some may be biased and some may be hoax. This is where ethics comes in.

In my opinion, ethics is a big help distinguishing a hoax with real information. Absorbing wrong information is very crucial since it may affect a person’s awareness or understanding about something, making him believe of what is not true.

What I learned:

I learned that even information providers may do harm to other people without even doing it on purpose. I also learned that, that is the reason why ethics should be applied here.

Integrative Questions:

· What are library professions?

· Do search engines count as library professions?

· Do search engines count as information provider?

· What are samples of information provider?

· Does it have the capability to harm a person?

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Book Review: Ethical Interest in Free and Open Source Software

Chapter 10

Internet Reference: http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599

Quote:

Free software stems from the close ties that early software developers had with academia. As the software industry began to mature, the bond with academia and its ideals of sharing research results weakened. After spending many years as an active participant in the hacker culture, Richard Stallman grew frustrated as more and more softwarewas not free—not free in a financial sense, but free in awaythat allowed for its inspection, running, and modification.

Learning Expectation:

I expect to learn why there is ethical interest in free and open source software. I want to know why this is important.

Book Review:

Free and open source software and the ethical interest in it is obviously what this chapter talks about. To clarify things let’s start off with defining what an Open Source is. Open Source Software is a software which does not require cash since it is free. A common source would be the World Wide Web. This may be garnered in any website that relates to what software you wish to download. Open Office is a good example of a Open Source Software. It can be freely downloaded from the net. Unlike, Microsoft Office which is common to us all, Open office does not require any payment since it is free. Another example of the open source is PHP. PHP is a scripting language used by web developers in order for their web pages to be loaded. It is also an Open Source Software since it is free available for download in the net.

Even in Open Source Software moral issues take place. In Open Source Software developers have to be sure that their codes are superior because their name or reputation is on the line. They are open to handing out false information if their codes are not that good.

What I learned:

I learned that there are a lot of Open Source Softwares available in the World Wide Web. I also learned that moral issues are still present even for Open Source Softwares.

Integrative Questions:

· What are Open Source Softwares?

· Are moral issues present for OSS?

· What are the moral issues?

· Who developed the concept of Free Software?

· When was it developed?

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Book Review: Internet Research Ethics: The Field and Its Critical Issues

Chapter 11

Internet Reference: http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599

Quote:

Internet research ethics (IRE) is an emerging multi- and interdisciplinary field that systematically studies the ethical implications that arise from the use of the Internet as a space or locale of, and/or tool for, research. No one discipline can claim IRE as its own, as various disciplines since the 1990s have used the Internet for research and, to some extent, grappled with the ethical implications of such research.

Learning Expectation:

I expect to learn the critical issues arise from the internet research field. I also want to learn if it will benefit the readers.

Book Review:

To start off, this chapter talks about the Internet Research Ethics as a field and the critical issues that arises. First, I would like to define what Internet Research Ethics is. According to the article, Internet Research Ethics is an emerging multi- and interdisciplinary field that systematically studies the ethical implications that arise from the use of the Internet as a space or locale of, and/or tool for, research. In other words, Internet Research Ethics are responsible in handling the issues created while using the internet for means of research.

When I read this chapter, I was shocked to know that even while researching through the internet; ethical issues occur. I believe that ethical issues do occur because similar as information providers, internet research also gives information to those who researches it. That is why ethical issues did arise. Internet research has its beneficial advantages but may also do harm for the public. What I beneficial advantages that I see is that Internet Research may give out precise information asked by the researcher. But the bad thing about this is that Internet Research may also give out, not precise information, but false information or false data. As we all know, false information may trigger dangerous results for a human being. It may harm him in so many ways.

What I learned:

I learned that aside from information providers, internet research also experiences critical issues. I learned that they also do experience critical issues because their similarities are that they both give out information to the public.

Integrative Questions:

· What does IRE stand for?

· What does IRE do?

· What are the critical issues that arise?

· What does Internet Research mean?

· Is it similar to Information Provider?

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Book Review: Health Information Technology: Challenges in Ethics, Science, and Uncertainty

Chapter 12

Internet Reference: http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599

Quote:

It is sadly and too often the case that many professionals regard ethics as a source of codes for the edification of the not-yet-virtuous, as a place where pointy-headed boffins pass judgment on heathens, as an office to call in search of someone with a horse and a sword to come .round to smite the evildoers.

Learning Expectation:

I expect to learn what Health Information Technology is. I also want to learn what challenges in ethics, science and uncertainty got to do with this topic.

Book Review:

What is Health Information Technology? According to Wikipedia, Health Information Technology or HIT provides the umbrella framework to describe the comprehensive management of health information and its secure exchange between consumers, providers, government and quality entities, and insurers. Health information technology (HIT) in general is increasingly viewed as the most promising tool for improving the overall quality, safety and efficiency of the health delivery system (Chaudhry et al., 2006). In other words, Health Information Technology is responsible to protect the exchange of between people.

Since the word “protect” and “secure” came up, this chapter also opened the topic privacy. According to the article, Privacy is the right entitlement or reasonable expectation people have that they are and will be secure from intrusion. In layman’s term, Privacy is the right given to a person in whom he or she may keep it to himself or herself regardless of what other people might think or say.

There is a good example on why an ethical issue aroused here in Health Information Technology. The example given by the article is that, if a patient does not believe that this specific hospital is not capable of securing medical records and keeps it confidential, then that patient is reluctant to tell the truth since the patient is scared that his or her records might not be dealt with properly.

What I learned:

What I learned is that even hospitals and other health related fields also experience ethical issues. I also learned that Privacy is closely related to Confidentiality in the point that the article itself related Privacy and Confidentiality as cousins,

Integrative Questions:

· What does HIT stand for?

· What does HIT do?

· What is Privacy?

· What is Confidentiality?

· Are they related?

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Part III

Professional Issues and the Information –Related Professions

Chapter 13 Ethical Issue of Information and Business

Learning Expectations:

· How ethics and business affect each other.

Quotes:

“Businesses and the economic system they work

in have an important influence on

ethical issues arising from information and information

and communication technology.”

“There is much research and literature in the discipline of business

ethics, which deals with the relationship between business and ethics.”

“Moral norms are important for the functioning of an economic system.

If people did not honor contracts, pay their dues, give accurate

information about products, and generally follow the

moral code of society, economic transactions

would become difficult to sustain.”

Review:

The concept of business.

Economic activity is a part of every society, and it is arguably one of the most important aspects of current liberal democratic states. Businesses have a large influence on how we live our individual lives and also on how society is regulated. Businesses are social facts, but they are also the objects of theoretical and academic attention.

There are two possible levels of observation of business that will inform the subsequent debate on ethics. There are two levels of observation of business and economic activities are the micro- and macro levels.

There are two types of ethical problems, it can occur in micro level but it does not mean that this issue cannot separate from macro level of global and national institutions.

Business Ethics

If we think of the word business and ethics we think that these are the words that do not have a connection between the two. There are a lot of common things between the two. There was a study that both of the word business and ethics refers to each other.

Moral norms are important for the functioning of an economic system. If people did not honor contracts, pay their dues, give accurate information about products, and generally follow the moral code of society, economic transactions would become difficult to sustain. At the same time, ethics as the theory of morality plays an important role in justifying the economic system and thus allowing economic agents to feel legitimated in acting within the system. One justification of our current economic system is the utilitarian consideration that free trade creates the goods that allow individuals to satisfy their preferences and live a good life according to their own design.

In business, for me, in order for you to trust a person or a company there must be a character to that person whom you are talking to for them. The way I see it, doing the right things sustain the company very well. If there is a company that did not abide within the contract I think that both companies will be affected specially to other institution.

Things Learned:

I have learned the companies must be abide to their contracts and maintain the ethics that they have learned and applied it to business to keep the economy healthy.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Part IV

Responsibility Issue and Risk Assessment

Chapter 14 Responsibilities for Information on the Internet

Learning Expectations:

· To know the conditions and responsibility of an IT.

· To know the consequence of our every decision.

Quotes:

“One of the most fascinating aspects of the Internet is

that very few accidents happen. This not only holds for the

technical infrastructure and maintenance, but also for the

communication and information transmitted through the network.”

“There is much research and literature in the discipline of business

ethics, which deals with the relationship between business and ethics.”

“It is a network that consists of a

disparate set of heterogeneous organizations and individuals,

ranging from commercial business corporations and

private organizations of volunteers, to governmental

institutions, universities, and individual citizens.”

Review:

The Directive explicitly states, however, that member states are not expected to impose rules of a general character upon ISPs to monitor all of the content that is made available through their services (article 15; compare, however, recitals 47 and 48 that allow of specific monitoring obligations with the help of sophisticated technological tools). The motivating idea behind article 15 may have

been that a general obligation of monitoring could affect the effectiveness of the Internet infrastructure on the whole negatively. But of course article 15 may also have been inspired by the awareness of values such as information-related freedoms and privacy of content providers.

First, there should be a causal relationship of some kind between the agent and the action or the consequences of the action. This relationship can be direct or indirect, substantial or additional. The relationship need not be the one that can be framed in terms of a sufficient condition or even of a necessary condition as long as it contributes in one way or another to the effect.

The action should be done consciously. The one who will do the action must gauge the result of the things that he or she will do. The effect could be direct or indirect. Before he or she do things, they must consider the things that will affect each other and around them.

Things Learned:

As an IT, we must discern those things that will affect others and the people who will use our system.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Part IV

Responsibility Issue and Risk Assessment

Chapter 15 Virtual Reality and Computer Simulation

Learning Expectations:

· To know the conditions and responsibility of an IT.

Quotes:

“Virtual reality and computer simulation have not

received much attention from ethicists. It is argued in this

essay that this relative neglect is unjustified, and that

there are important ethical questions that can be

raised in relation to these technologies.”

“The first section will describe what virtual reality and

computer simulations are and what the

current applications of these technologies are.”

“The case against computer games tends to center

on three perceived negative consequences:

addiction, aggression, and maladjustment.

The perceived problem of addiction is that many gamers

get so caught up in playing that their health, work or study,

family life, and social relations suffer.”

Review:

These technologies simulated three-dimensional (3D) environments displayed in surround stereoscopic vision on the head-mounted display. The user could navigate and interact with simulated environments through the data suit and data glove, items that tracked the positions and motions of body parts and allowed the computer to modify its output depending on the recorded positions. This

original technology has helped define what is often meant by “virtual reality”: an immersive, interactive three-dimensional computer-generated environment in which interaction takes place over multiple sensory channels and includes tactile and positioning feedback.

A virtual world is a description of a collection of objects in a space and rules and relationships governing these objects. In virtual reality systems, such virtual worlds are generated by a computer. A virtual world has three aspects the no one is the immersion or the sensation of being present in an environment. Second is sensory feedback is the selective provision of sensory data about the environment based on user input. The actions and position of the user provide a perspective on reality and determine what sensory feedback is given. Third, finally, is Interactivity is the responsiveness of the virtual world to user actions. Interactivity includes the ability to navigate virtual worlds and to interact with objects, characters, and places.

Things Learned:

I have learned that virtual reality is a narrow definition would only define fully immersive and fully interactive virtual environments.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Part IV

Responsibility Issue and Risk Assessment

Chapter 16 Genetic Information: Epistemological and Ethical Issues

Learning Expectations:

· To know the conditions and responsibility of an IT.

Quotes:

“The quantity of information in a system can be

understood roughly as the amount of order in that system,

or the inverse of the entropy (disorder) that all closed physical

systems accumulate over time. This measure says nothing

about the content of information. Shannon’s theory is now

labeled as the syntactical theory of information.”

“An automata-theoretic approach satisfied many algorithmic intuitions about the cell;

the feeling is that the growth and regulation of the cellular machinery is basically a recursive process in which a finite set of elements are teased into a complex construction—a class of machines with fixed properties and limitations but no specific computational powers. But, according to Berlinski.s (1972) analogy between DNA and codes, the central dogma requires something quite different—a system in which elements of the base vocabulary change at random and thus form output sequences, unlike any that the machine is prepared to manage, as the exchange of information within a cell is virtually noiseless (see above).

Review:

Genetic essentialism7 is widely attacked (i.e., Lewontin, 1999) and this view has strongly influenced the public perception of genetics (Nelkin and Lindee, 1995). According to Lewontin (1999, p. 63), however, it takes more than DNA to make a living organism and its history. A living organism at every moment of its life is the unique consequence of a developmental history that results from the interaction of and determination by internal (genetics) and external (environmental) forces. Such external forces are themselves partly a consequence of the activities of the organism itself, produced by the conditions of its own existence.

These are the issues that must be guarded because this case is a very serious one and ethical in this story has a vital role in this issues.

This idealization of a cell thus appears as automation; the associated programs are designed to push the machine through movements that look vaguely biological. Often the machines turn out to have very strong computational capabilities.

There are discovery that was made and it was called the pushing down storage automata (PDSA).

A PDSA is a machine, which accepts or rejects input strings of nucleotides; a given string of nucleotides is accepted if the machine reads it when the stack is empty.

Things Learned:

I have learned that there is a machine that accept or rejects input strings of nnucleotides.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Part IV

Responsibility Issue and Risk Assessment

Chapter 17 Genetic Information: Epistemological and Ethical Issues

Learning Expectations:

· To know the United Nations’ Charter.

Quotes:

“Both are about ethical principles as much as

they are about “law,” and indeed, international law

does not carry the same weight as domestic law.

Under international law, states, as sovereign entities,

assume international legal obligations only by

affirmatively agreeing to them, for example, signing a treaty

or agreeing to abide by the Charter of the United Nations.”

“The UN Charter prohibits states from using force

against other states (Article 2(4)), except when

conducted in self defense (Article 51) or under the auspices

of the Security Council (Article 39). The Charter effectively

encodes an ethical principle of just cause for attacking

another state that most people would accept.”

Review:

Severity - This refers to people killed or wounded and property damage. The premise is that armed attacks that use force often produce extensive casualties or property damage, whereas soft measures do not.

Immediacy - This is the time it takes for the consequences of an operation to take effect. As a general rule, armed attacks that use force have immediate effects, on the order of seconds to minutes, while softer measures, such as trade restrictions, may not be felt for weeks or months.

An intrusion into an air traffic control system that causes two large planes to enter the same airspace and collide, leading to the deaths of 500 persons on board the two aircraft.

In terms of severity, the cyber attack clearly ranks high. Immediacy is also high, although the delay between the intrusion and the crash may be somewhat longer than between something like a missile strike and the planes crashing.

Directness - This is the relationship between an operation and its effects. For an armed attack, effects are generally caused by and attributable to the application of force, whereas for softer measures there could be multiple explanations.

Things Learned:

I have learned the meaning of Severity, Immediacy and directness.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Part IV

Responsibility Issue and Risk Assessment

Chapter 18 A Practical Mechanism for Ethical Risk

Assessment—A SoDIS Inspection

Learning Expectations:

· To know the more about the techniques that were being used to identify the impact of risk.

Quotes:

“Boehm (2006) says the top ten software risks are

“personnel shortfalls, unrealistic schedules and

budgets, developing the wrong functions, developing

the wrong user interfaces, gold-plating,

continuing stream of requirements changes, shortfalls in

externally performed tasks, shortfalls in externally-furnished

components, real-time performance shortfalls, and

straining computer science capabilities.”

“What was not considered in the design of the

system was its use in a manual transmission

car that was left in gear when it was parked.

Nor was the pedestrian considered who was hurt

while walking between two cars when one

of the cars was started remotely.”

Review:

The risk identification process identifies potential negative impact on the project and its stakeholders. AS/NZS lists potential negative areas of impact such as Asset and resource base of the organization, Revenue and entitlements, Costs, Performance, Timing and schedule of activities, and Organizational behavior (AS/NZS, 1999, p. 39).

Risk Analysis

Once these potential risk effects have been identified, they are prioritized in the risk analysis phase to help order when and if they will be addressed. The risk analysis process divides the identified risks by their severity and the likelihood that they will occur, producing a given level of risk. The analysis of the risk severity is put in either qualitative or quantitative terms.

Risk analysis is about identifying the impact of projects when some of the parts of projects were not delivered. It will be marked as High, Medium, or Low.

Qualitative Risk Analysis

These descriptions are used to prioritize risks and determine the amount of corporate resources devoted to their mitigation. Notice how each of these descriptive levels has an easily quantifiable description.

Things Learned:

I have learned the different type of techniques on how to identify the risk on projects.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Part IV

Regulatory Issues and Challenges

Chapter 19

Regulations and Governance of Internet

Learning Expectations:

· To know more about internet

Quotes:

“Internet governance is the development and

application by Governments, the private

sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of

shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making

procedures, and programs that shape the evolution

and use of the Internet (WGIG, 2005).”

“What was not considered in the design of the

system was its use in a manual transmission

car that was left in gear when it was parked.

Nor was the pedestrian considered who was hurt

while walking between two cars when one

of the cars was started remotely.”

Review:

These are some of the issues that were being raised about the use of internet.

Some of these are issues of political morality, while others are issues of prudential rationality: (1) whether it is legitimate, as a matter of political morality, for use of the Internet to be subject to restrictions; (2) if so, what kinds of restrictions would be morally justified (e.g., would censorship of pornography? Or would limiting use of the web by businesses for commercial purposes, as has been demanded by some hacktivists?); (3) what kinds of enforcement mechanisms for otherwise justified restrictions would be morally permissible (e.g., the usual coercive enforcement mechanisms like threats of incarceration or code-based mechanisms that make the violation of these restrictions technologically impossible); (4) what sorts of enforcement mechanisms are likely to be most effective and hence conduce maximally to these prudential interests; and (5) what sorts of restrictions are prudentially justified as being in everyone’s best interest.

Regulations and Technical Issues

That there are benefits in reducing the amount of material that can harm the innocent and vulnerable is obvious. Whether this can be achieved to any significant extent given current technology is not.

Censorship

The first is that an opinion that is not allowed to be heard might just be true, and the second that it might contain some truth. Therefore restrictions on the freedom of opinion can, and most probably will, deprive the world of some truths.

For me, there should be a defining content on things that should be publish and should not.

Things Learned:

I have learned that there are a lot of things that are going on about filtering the content of website.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Part IV

Regulatory Issues and Challenges

Chapter 20

Information Overload

Learning Expectations:

· To know about information overload

· To understand the meaning of information overload

Quotes:

“The first of these was the entry in Wikipedia,

which states that information overload

“refers to the state of having too much information to

make a decision or remain informed about a

topic.”

“At the heart of this understanding of the

phenomenon is a fairly simple conception of

human information processing—a three-stage

model consisting of reception, processing, and action.”

Review:

What is information overload?

Information overload . . . refers to the state of having too much information to make a decision or remain informed about a topic. Large amounts of historical information to dig through, a high rate of new information being added, contradictions in available information, a low signal-to-noise ratio make it difficult to identify what information is relevant to the decision. The lack of a method for comparing and processing different kinds of information can also contribute to this effect. [Wikipedia, retrieved (June 11, 2007).]

In both of the definitions above—as in many of the discussions of information overload in the popular press and academic literatures—the meaning of the word is assumed to be understood. This is presumably because the notion of information is unproblematic in the public mind: we require no explanation because we know what it means.

For me, information should not be difficult to understand and also can be easily found. I agree about what was mentioned about; it should not be problematic

Central to judgments of excess is some notion of capacity: a person or organization can only handle so much information in a given period of time.

Things Learned:

I have learned that information has an effect on people on their decision making. Also, information is being called information for the reason that it answers the questions that were being raised. Information should not be problematic as what the author said.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Part IV

Regulatory Issues and Challenges

Chapter 21

Information Overload

Learning Expectations:

· To know about information overload

· To understand the meaning of information overload

Quotes:

“An email that is from an

unsolicited, commercial, bulk emailing,

often considered spam, may provide a

receiver with just the information that

he/she does want.”

“The word “unsolicited” is often used in

describing spam, and that term suggests a lack

of consent. It should be noted, however,

that most emails are “unsolicited,” unless

they are a direct reply from Y to X after a

previous message from X to Y..”

Review:

What is email spam?

An email that is from an unsolicited, commercial, bulk emailing, often considered spam, may provide a receiver with just the information that he/she does want.

Email with the content of commercial ad is a spam. The spam has been recognizing by the many that it is a bad email or an email that contains virus or malicious ware.

There are a lot of things that we consider as a spam. These are the few things that I think is considered as a spam. If the content of an email includes yet another routine advertisement for improving one’s sexual prowess, it will likely be classified as “spam.” Even worse, if it includes a disguised virus that erases the recipient’s hard drive that email will almost certainly be labeled spam by the enraged recipient.

Things Learned:

I have learned that there are a lot of different kinds of spam. It also can be sent by your friend or someone who do not know the content of the email.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Part IV

Regulatory Issues and Challenges

Chapter 22

The Matter of Plagiarism: What, Why, and If

Learning Expectations:

· To know about plagiarism

Quotes:

“An expression is only plagiarism if it is unacceptable on some established value.

But we should be careful to avoid the error of being overly narrowin identifying any particular

value or standard as the basis for condemning an expression

as plagiarism.

Among the reasons for finding an expression to be plagiarism, we may

note that it is sometimes condemned as theft

of intellectual property,

sometimes as a failure to live up to a standard of originality, sometimes as a violation of the moral rights of a prior author,

sometimes as fraudulent misrepresentation of authorship.”

Review:

What is plagiarism?

As with most ethical concepts, there is plenty of room for debate over the definition of “plagiarism.” Plagiarism will be treated here very broadly as expression that improperly incorporates existing work either without authorization or without documentation, or both. The emphasis on impropriety is important.

In the simplest way in explaining this is that quoting something or writing something without citing the source.

Lack of Authorization - Economic foundation

On a standard economic approach, each feature of copyright policy is justified insofar as it maximizes wealth under some measure. In the simplest circumstance, this may be seen as maximizing economic growth.

There is a range of economic theories that seek to understand the consequences of a broader or narrower definition of copyright infringement, and narrower or broader definitions of fair use, and tighter or looser plagiarism policies.

Things Learned:

I have learned that it is not always wrong to copy. There is at least a little boarder that allows you to have your own copy and that is called fair use.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Part IV

Regulatory Issues and Challenges

Chapter 23

Intellectual Property: Legal and Moral

Challenges of Online File Sharing

Learning Expectations:

· To know about peer-to-peer

Quotes:

“Thus, the most distinctive feature of this architecture is that each node in the system

is a “peer” or an equal. There is no need for a central authority to mediate and control

the exchange of information. The “purest” P2Parchitecture is flat and nonhierarchical.

However, the diminished control associated with such a completely decentralized

network leads to obvious scalability problems.”

Review:

What is File sharing or peer-to-peer network?

The technology at the center of these copyright disputes is a software that enables computer users to share digital files over a peer-to-peer (P2P) network. Although the P2P architecture is evolving, a genuine P2P network is still defined as the one in which “two or more computers share [files] without requiring separate server computer or server software” (Cope, 2002).

Sharing or theft?

The use of a piece of intellectual property without the copyright holder’s permission (and therefore against his will) is unfair to that copyright holder since it violates his right to determine what is to be done with that property. And this unfair use of another’s intellectual property constitutes a form of theft (Grisez, 1997).

Moral Considerations

The utilitarian arguments for maintaining a strong legal tradition of secondary liability seem especially persuasive. Given the enormous difficulties of enforcing copyright protection by pursuing direct infringers and the threats posed to content providers by dynamic technologies such as P2P software, the need for this liability seems indisputable.

Things Learned:

I have learned that we can still able to copy a file as long as we do not reproduce it and sell it.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Part IV

Regulatory Issues and Challenges

Chapter 26

The Digital Divide: A Perspective

for the Future

Learning Expectations:

· To know about email spam

· To characterize spam

Quotes:

“The digital divide is not any one particular

gap between rich and poor, local and global,

but rather includes a variety of gaps believed

to bear on the world’s inequitable

distribution of resources.”

” The point here is not that global and local poverty

are problems of many dimensions that are

extremely difficult to solve, but rather that the moral

importance of the digital divide as a problem

that needs to be addressed is linked to inequalities

between the rich and the poor—and especially wealthy

nations and nations in absolute poverty.”

“It is noncontroversial that it is morally good for affluent persons or nations to help impoverished persons or nations, but there is considerable disagreement about whether affluent persons and nations are morally obligated to help alleviate the effects of absolute poverty.”

Review:

THE MORAL BASIS FOR THE IDEA THAT THE VARIOUS DIGITAL DIVIDES SHOULD BE ELIMINATED

The moral basis for the case for affluent nations to eliminate the digital divide is grounded in the idea that nations and people with far more than they need to satisfy basic needs have a moral obligation to redistribute some of their wealth, at the very least, to nations and people in life-threatening or absolute poverty.

I believe in this, in the whole world we cannot deny that there are those people who separate themselves or consider themselves as “poor” or “rich” so therefore they are not for those type of people. The way I see it people should not think of that and it must be eliminated. How will we eliminate those things? The rich people must distribute their wealth. The money is not distributed properly therefore many people are not accepting the right amount or sometimes are not accepting anything.

Things Learned:

I have learned that there is a line that separates the poor and the rich people. And the way I see it people do not want to accept that all are equal, specially the rich people.

Cyber Ethics

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

Cyber Ethics

Chapter:

Ethics and the Information Revolution

Learning Expectations:

· To understand the global cyber business

· To understand nations technological infrastructure

· To understand the fallback of the global cyber business

Quotes:

The world is very close to having technology that can provide electronic privacy and security on the internet sufficient to safely conduct international business transactions. Once this technology is in place, there will be rapid expansions of Global Cyber Business. Nations with a technological infrastructure is already in place will enjoy rapid economic growth, while the rest of the world lags behind. What will be the political and economic fallout from the rapid growth of global Cyber business? Will accepted business practices in one part of the world be perceived as “cheating” or “fraud” in other parts of the world? Will a few wealthy nations widen the already big gap between rich and poor? Will political and even military confrontations emerge?

Review:

The condition of the economy today will never be like this without the help of technological advancement. The advancement of technology today has been so great that it contributed a lot in our economy and also to the ordinary people. As of know there are emerging business in web. They are being called ecommerce. This kind of business is for ordinary people or for small to medium enterprises. For the multinational companies, it is not impossible to have a Global Cyber Business nowadays.

We have seen the growth of the economy of the nations that has the technology in place. The only problem is that the growth of the other nation’s economy is ethical to the other country? These are some of the issue that we should get in focus. The only problem is that there were no boundary when it comes to web, the only problem that the global cyber business will encounter are the practices that they are doing in their country.

Things Learned:

I have learned that in future, in global business, there will be a problem when it comes to practice in business. The problem will be on the practices of the multinational company, what is possible in their country is impossible to the other.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

Cyber Ethics

Chapter:

Ethics On-Lin

Learning Expectations:

· To learn more about copying and information

· To know more about no loss of value

· To know more in creating our own information

Quotes:

Information can be reproduced on-line without loss of value and in such a way that the originator or holder of the information would not notice. Of course, in the ordinary world, information can be reproduced via copying machines and camera. In electronic networks, however, there is no loss of value in the process of reproduction. A copied program or copied data set is perfectly usable and the reproduction can be such that there is no evidence that copying has been done; that is, the person who created or owns the information has no reason to believe it has been copied. The difference here is the difference between taking a painting – the painter or owner no longer has the painting and can see that it is gone – and copying a data set – the creator or the owner still has the data set and may have no indication that a copy was made.

Review:

In the world of web, information is easily distributed to other people. What I don’t understand is that why the value of information in the web has no loss of value in the process of reproduction compare to the ordinary world.

In my own point of view, information on the web is really no value compare to the real world that you have to photocopy the book where in you have to spend a lot compare to the download an information form web and paste it in your own homework and after that print it on your printer. The way I see it, it is more practical when getting information on the web compare to other book.

Things Learned:

I have learned that copying and information from the web is no loss of value compare to the real world where in you have to photocopy and spend a lot. The good thing about this is that in electronic world the author has no idea that the information that was posted is being copied without any idea.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

Cyber Ethics

Chapter:

Reason, Relativity, and Responsibility in Computer Ethics

Learning Expectations:

· To understand the computers nowadays are malleable

· To know about the syntactically computers

· To know about semantically computers

Quotes:

Computers are logically malleable. This is the feature that makes computers so revolutionary. They are logically malleable in that they can be manipulated to do any activity that can be characterized in terms of inputs, outputs, and connecting logical operations. Computers can be manipulated syntactically and semantically. Syntactically, a computer’s performance can be changed through alterations in this program. And semantically that states of a computer may represent anything one choose, from the sales of a stock market to the trajectory of a spacecraft. Computers are general purpose machine like no others. That is why they are now found in almost every aspect of our lives and that is why a computer revolution is taking place.

Review:

Nowadays, many programs of computers are so flexible that anything that the human need the computer are there to aid or solve the complex problem of human.

Open source programs are like this. Programmers were able to manipulate the program according to the need of their clients. With this kind of programs, many people will be able to create software that is fitted to their need. Also, it will be reliable for the users to use it because they know who created it and manipulated it.

To cut it short, many computers are flexible for the reason that it will be practical and responsible in a sense that people who will use it are in a good hand because the software came from a reliable sources.

Things Learned:

I have learned that computer nowadays is becoming more and more reliable.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

Cyber Ethics

Chapter:

Disclosive Computer Ethics

Learning Expectations:

· To understand the computers nowadays are mallealbe

· To know about the syntactically computers

· To know about semantically computers

Quotes:

Review:

Things Learned:

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

Cyber Ethics

Chapter:

Gender and Computer Ethics

Learning Expectations:

· To understand the traditional ethical theories

· To know about utilitarianism

· To know about decision making process

Quotes:

Secondly, feminist ethics brings a direct consideration of questions of power that are so often absent traditional ethical theories. Utilitarianism argues for the greatest good for the greatest number. But who is to decide whether one good is better than another? We do not all hate an equal say, Tnog (1993) argues that is it powerful groups, usually hit professional men, who are the decision makers in contemporary cost-benefit analysis. Questions of power are often disguised but they are crucial to the ethical decision making process. For instance, it was noted above that in the empirical studies discussed, there is a disguised power relation between the university teachers undertaking the surveys and the students who take part. This suggests that a study of problems relating to internet pornography and cyber stalking in terms of gender ethics might prove instructive. Issues power must be rendered visible to make these and other areas.

Review:

There are some issues that women are good in making decisions about it but not all of it is good. There are also men who can also decide even on the side of women. The way I see it, Most of the time men are good in leading because normally men are made for decision making. Women are made to follow, I am not saying that women should not have a chance to be a leader but what I am pointing out is that men naturally are made to be a leader of women.

Utilitarianism is not applicable because for me, men will win. Majority of men are leaders.

Things Learned:

I have learned that gender is not an issue in leading but the tradition has made its justification that men are good in leading

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

Cyber Ethics

Chapter:

Is the Global information Infrastructure a Democratic Technology?

Learning Expectations:

· To understand our responsibility being knowledgeable person

· To know moral and immoral actions

· To know the plans of shaping the environment

Quotes:

In the wake of the Enlightenment the emphasis in ethical theory has been for a long time on systems and rules. Almost invariably, these rules were derived from some supposed “ethically perfect world.” But ideal rules may workout very differently in (non-ideal) practice. That is, it may be the case that such a rule will give rise to gliding scales, e.g., “ethical” and “unethical” cases ate so hard to separate by observable criteria that it is better to forbid some cases that such a rule will give ruse to gliding scales.

Review:

The condition of our society today is getting worse and worse. Why did I say that? It is only because more and more hackers are getting seriously about the information. Many programmers right now or should I say professionals are not practicing the right conduct that was created by their company.

Also, many people right now, or professionals, if they have a chance inside the company to see what the system can do and take advantage of it many professionals will do it.

Because of this seen issues, the student of De La Salle – College of Saint Benilde now has an idea of what should they do when they encounter this kind of situation backing up with ethics on our head.

Things Learned:

I have learned that given in any situation, we must be able to rise up to this kind of situation. The more knowledgeable we are the more responsibilities are on our shoulders.

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

Cyber Ethics

Chapter:

Is the Global information Infrastructure a Democratic Technology?

Learning Expectations:

· To understand the computers nowadays are malleable

· To know about the syntactically computers

· To know about semantically computers

Quotes:

The above remarks about the moral non-neutrality of many technologies and techniques point to a second limitation of mainstream computer ethics. Mainstream computer ethics focuses on the morality of practice, particularly on the use of computer technology. What is often marginalized in the discussion, or left out entirely, is the moral role of the technology that is being used. That is, the design features of computer systems and software are often taken as a given in computer ethics. The technology is taken as a neutral tool with which both moral and immoral actions can be performed, and the focus is on these actions. In philosophical and empirical students of technology, they have plans of shaping the environment.

Review:

Things Learned:

Patrick Ronald C. Arellano BOOK REVIEW

BS-IS Sir. Paul Pajo

Reflection

Cyber Ethics

Chapter:

On the Web, Plagiarism Matters Most More than Copyright Piracy

Learning Expectations:

· To understand the difference between the plagiarism and copyright

· To understand the meaning of copyright

· To understand the meaning of plagiarism

Quotes:

Although commonly confused, the values inherent in copyright policy are different from those inherent in scholarly standards for the proper accreditation of ideas. Piracy is the infringement of a copyright and plagiarism is the failure to give credit. They are confused because the most common examples of these wrongs involve both sorts of wrongs. But it is not hard to give examples that separate them. It would be plagiarism but not piracy for me to take the works of an obscure 19^th century poet and try to pass them off as my own. Since the copyright will have expired on such works, this is not piracy. But it remains plagiarism of the sort that could be grounds for dismissal from journalism post. It would be piracy but not plagiarism if I were to edit a volume of modern poetry and forget to get copyright.

Review:

Copyright is a form of intellectual property which gives the creator of an original work exclusive rights for a certain time period in relation to that work, including its publication, distribution and adaptation; after which time the work is said to enter the public domain [Wikipedia, retrieved (June 14, 2009)].

Plagiarism is not copyright infringement. While both terms may apply to a particular act, they are different transgressions. Copyright infringement is a violation of the rights of a copyright holder, when material protected by copyright is used without consent [Wikipedia, retrieved (June 14, 2009)].

Plagiarism is concerned with the unearned increment to the plagiarizing author's reputation that is achieved through false claims of authorship [Wikipedia, retrieved (June 14, 2009)]. As what was mentioned above, plagiarism is not a copyright infringement. Plagiarism is about claiming something’s work and did not cite the author’s name.

Things Learned:

I have learned that there is a difference between copyright infringement and plagiarism. I also understand that there is nothing wrong in getting information from other source as long as the researcher cite the author’s name.

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Book Review (Bottom of the Pyramid, The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics)

Book Review (Bottom of the Pyramid, The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics)

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